Cogitative Biases
Why is this topic interesting? Partly, because it is one of a handful of research areas in which sociology/psychology seems to contribute to fairly direct knowledge of how the brain works. More practically, H & B are interesting because one cannot avoid them.
Even when we are thinking hard and focusing narrowly on self awareness, it is practically impossible to avoid making these errors. The best we can hope for is to leave notes for ourselves (sometimes it might be wise to leave actual physical notes!) instructing us to distrust our convictions. But knowing you are wrong because you trust your passed-self’s authority isn’t really avoiding thinking with H & Bs, it is merely switching the train onto a different set of rails.
It seems true that, while many have explained the patterns of failure that can result from trusting these heuristics and biases, there are also important and powerful benefits from our brains having evolved to work this way.
In the table below, I outline simplistic thoughts trying to illustrate that every bias identified in Yudkowsky’s paper as a potential failure pattern also accounts for a great deal of human success. Together, they not only represent potential pitfalls in perception and reasoning, but constitute a great deal of what we consider the basic, innate human ability to act, adapt and get on in the World.
|
Cognitive Bias |
Heuristic Strength |
|
Availability—Information at-hand is adequate for risk assessment |
Reasonable good caching algorithm in that recent work is most likely to be accessed next; Coherence of action (focus) is maintained |
|
Hindsight—Story explaining past accounts for outcome |
Learning! Emotional conviction of the connection between cause and effect. Coherent stories stick in our memories very well. |
|
Black Swans—Assume unlikely events are more unlikely than they often are (This is like Availability in that current or average are assumed to continue) |
Allows action in an uncertain world. Assume continuity because planning for all unlikely events uses up all your resources. |
|
Conjunction |
Great first guess because local action is most likely (action-at-a-distance is a bad first guess—and spooky) |
|
Probability Increases with Detail (A mixing of Conjunction and Availability) |
Personal experience works this way in that we always have most detail about personal experience—and personal experience is taken to be most trustworthy. |
|
Confirmation—Confirming Facts are Selected from Sea of Facts |
Intentions and Synchronicity |
|
Anchoring, Adjustment and Contamination (Availability & Conjunction) |
Data we experience in succession are often related |
|
Affect |
Action in uncertain situations is better than being frozen. Rules available when little info is available but you an answer is still required. |
|
Scope Neglect |
Rules available when little info is available but you an answer is still required. |
|
Calibration and Over Confidence |
Rules available when little info is available but you an answer is still required. |
|
Bystander Apathy |
Optimization and queuing heuristic. |
) The fraction of permutations of coin tosses without THT and THH are compared in the plot below. The corresponding data is in the table below.
. For a different pattern, say TTH, we can repeat the experiment and find that the first occurrence of this pattern arises in some average number of coin tosses 
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